![]() The sequel really hammers this home, with Dark World barmen, Dark World gunsmiths, and Dark World floozies who just hang about in Dark World bars all day. ![]() Most weirdly, exploring it reveals that while there are some people who are Seriously Bad News-notably the baddies, called simply The Ancients, and the Dreketh Guard who conduct their business-most Dark Worlders are actually pretty amiable guys. ![]() More interesting neighbours than the dullards who live in the town down the hill. But, headaches and the alien child embedded in his skull notwithstanding, the portal to the Dark World is actually the best thing about Mike's house. Expert advice on the most appropriate pesticide to use should always be sought from local agricultural authorities.And this is what happens to kids who TILT! the machine one too many times. Recommendations will vary with the crop and system of cultivation. _ When using a pesticide, always wear protective clothing and follow the instructions on the product label, such as dosage, timing of application, and pre-harvest interval. Sweet corn varieties are more susceptible, but the disease is not common in them either.ĬHEMICAL CONTROL In Australia, seed is treated with the fungicide, carboxin (Vitavax) and thiram before planting. RESISTANT VARIETIES There appears to be good field resistance to boil smut in the varieties grown in Fiji and Solomon Islands, as the percentage infection is low. Collect all the stalks and leaves after harvest and burn them.Be careful not to injure the plants during cultural operations.Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen, as this increases susceptibility.Remove infected plants before the galls rupture, and burn the plants.Do not replant maize in land where the disease was present previously.The spores can also be spread on machinery, people, livestock and fodder.ĬULTURAL CONTROL Cultural control is important. Smut spores contaminate maize seeds, and this is the way that the fungus is introduced to new areas. The galls on the ears are at first enclosed in a white to light grey covering, before splitting to release dark brown to black spores. They grow to 15 cm on the ears, but those on the leaves are smaller, 6-12 mm, become hard and dry, and produce few spores. Galls filled with black spores form on leaves, stalks, ear and tassels. The spores germinate, infect, and cause the plant cells to multiply, enlarge and form galls. They are carried on the wind or splashed by water onto young maize plants. They germinate and produce a second type of spore ('sporidia') these are the spores that infect maize. The spores ('teliospores') remain alive in the soil for many years. Other parts of the plant - leaves and stems - are also susceptible to infection, but less so (Photo 4).īoil smut is a soil borne disease. The seeds swell with enlarged plant cells containing fungal threads and masses of spores (Photos 1-3). Infection results in the maize fruit - the ear - becoming distorted. Systemic infection occurs in seedlings after they are infected, the fungus grows inside them. Infection is increased by injury to the plants, such as those that occur during cultivation. The fungus infects all the aboveground parts, especially young growing tissues.
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